D is the correct asnwer.
JSR 338 JPA 2.1 page 95 of the specification:
When an application locks an entity with LockModeType.PESSIMISTIC_READ and later updates that entity, the lock must be converted to an exclusive lock when the entity is flushed to the database[42].
Answer D.
LockModeType.READ Synonymous with OPTIMISTIC.
PESSIMISTIC_READ - locks the record with read lock state when you read the record. This prevents other transactions from changing the record, but still allows them to read it.
PESSIMISTIC_WRITE - locks the record, preventing other transaction from reading and writing it.
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