Option B (using a NAT gateway in a public subnet) and option C (using a NAT instance in a private subnet) are not the most secure options because they involve routing traffic through a network address translation (NAT) device, which requires an internet gateway and traverses the public internet.
Option D (using the internet gateway attached to the VPC) would require routing traffic through the internet gateway, which would result in the traffic leaving the AWS network.
Therefore, the recommended and most secure approach is to use a VPC endpoint for DynamoDB to ensure private and secure access to the DynamoDB table from your EC2 instances in private subnets, without the need to traverse the internet or leave the AWS network.
Using an internet gateway (Option D) is used for enabling outbound internet connectivity from resources in your VPC. It's not the appropriate choice for securely accessing DynamoDB within your VPC.
Use a VPC endpoint for DynamoDB. A VPC endpoint enables customers to privately connect to supported AWS services: Amazon DynamoDB or Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3).
A VPC endpoint enables private connectivity between VPCs and AWS services without requiring an internet gateway, NAT device, VPN connection, or AWS Direct Connect. Traffic remains within the AWS network.
VPC endpoints for DynamoDB can alleviate these challenges. A VPC endpoint for DynamoDB enables Amazon EC2 instances in your VPC to use their private IP addresses to access DynamoDB with no exposure to the public internet. Your EC2 instances do not require public IP addresses, and you don't need an internet gateway, a NAT device, or a virtual private gateway in your VPC. You use endpoint policies to control access to DynamoDB. Traffic between your VPC and the AWS service does not leave the Amazon network.
Option A: Use a VPC endpoint for DynamoDB - This is the correct option. A VPC endpoint for DynamoDB allows communication between resources in your VPC and Amazon DynamoDB without traversing the internet or a NAT instance, which is more secure.
A
The most secure way to access an Amazon DynamoDB table from Amazon EC2 instances in private subnets while ensuring that the traffic does not leave the AWS network is to use Amazon VPC Endpoints for DynamoDB.
Amazon VPC Endpoints enable private communication between Amazon EC2 instances in a VPC and Amazon services such as DynamoDB, without the need for an internet gateway, NAT device, or VPN connection. When you create a VPC endpoint for DynamoDB, traffic from the EC2 instances to the DynamoDB table remains within the AWS network and does not traverse the public internet.
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/vpc-endpointsdynamodb.
html A VPC endpoint for DynamoDB enables Amazon EC2 instances in your VPC to use
their private IP addresses to access DynamoDB with no exposure to the public internet. Your EC2
instances do not require public IP addresses, and you don't need an internet gateway, a NAT device,
or a virtual private gateway in your VPC. You use endpoint policies to control access to DynamoDB.
Traffic between your VPC and the AWS service does not leave the Amazon network.
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