In most civil law jurisdictions, which of the following BEST describes when a party is required to begin taking steps to preserve and produce relevant evidence?
In civil law systems, the obligation to preserve evidence is typically triggered when litigation formally begins. This usually happens when a claim is filed or when formal court proceedings are initiated. Unlike common law jurisdictions, where discovery obligations may begin earlier (such as upon receiving a service of process), civil law systems often rely on judicial control over the evidence-gathering process.
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raochavan
1 month ago